The Similarities of Francis Light (1740–1794), Stamford Raffles (1781–1826), and Frank Swettenham (1850–1946).
All three experienced traumatic childhood due to the lack of birthrights for being born out of wedlock in a patriarchal and conservative…
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Sultan Abdul Samad and the duit belanja
Frank Swettenham had penned down rejecting money from Sultan Abdul Samad possibly to showcase his integrity. He could not receive the $100…
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Conclusion to the Classification and Criteria of the Malay Images
Each colonial official had their emphasis in evaluation and the Malays are mostly not given a full evaluation as a people and…